A) Land has become increasingly concentrated in a few hands.
B) A tradition of equitable land distribution helped to dampen class tensions in the United States.
C) In the nineteenth century, the government adopted policies that distributed small plots to resident landholders.
D) Some share of the gap in wealth between whites and blacks today can be attributed to the access that whites had to western lands in the nineteenth century.
E) All of the above statements are true.
G) A) and C)
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A) rested power with the legislature but the states had to ratify most of its key decisions.
B) rested power with the executive branch.
C) gave the federal government the ability to regulate federal trade.
D) gave the federal government the ability to regulate interstate commerce.
E) gave the federal government the ability to tax.
G) All of the above
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A) a substantial amount of arable land that allows for enough production for both the domestic and foreign markets.
B) the security of its territory.
C) a system of navigable rivers and waterways.
D) abundant natural resources.
E) extensive economic planning by the national government.
G) A) and C)
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A) upper-income voters.
B) residents of rural areas.
C) minority voters.
D) evangelical Christians.
E) small business owners.
G) C) and E)
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A) As is the case in other electoral democracies, voter registration in the United States is controlled by the national government.
B) State governments determine how votes are counted even in national elections.
C) Expansion of the electorate was made possible through federal government intervention and Constitutional amendments.
D) State governments have the responsibility for holding elections, deciding which nonfederal offices are to be filled by elections and determining how long nonfederal officeholders may serve.
E) Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured African Americans access to the ballot box.
G) A) and B)
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A) means that those with higher income pay a higher percentage of tax.
B) is the norm among states.
C) means that taxes on investments that generate additional revenue is higher than those on income.
D) means that those with higher income pay a lower percentage of tax.
E) means that taxes increase as governmental spending increases.
G) A) and B)
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A) An electoral system that diminishes opportunities for single-issue or narrowly focused parties
B) The large number of elected offices in the United States
C) The heterogeneity of the American electorate
D) The range of regional needs and interests
E) All of the above statements are true.
G) A) and E)
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A) freedom, justice, and democracy.
B) life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
C) liberty, equality, and democracy.
D) equality under the law and due process.
E) freedom and justice.
G) All of the above
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A) Despite the steady increase in its power, the judiciary remains structurally weaker than the other branches.
B) The courts, and especially the Supreme Court, have moved steadily to the ideological right.
C) With courts being increasingly involved in contentious national issues, the Senate has taken its confirmation role more seriously and has slowed the confirmation of appointees.
D) The power of the courts ultimately rests with their ability to persuade the citizenry that their procedures are fair and that their judgments are based on the Constitution and law.
E) All of the above are true statements.
G) A) and C)
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A) U.S. warning to Europe to stay out of the Western hemisphere.
B) ideology to push the boundaries westward.
C) Founding Fathers' use of Christianity as the basis for the Constitution.
D) idea that the United States is unique and cannot be compared to other countries.
E) justification for slavery.
G) C) and D)
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A) Running a deficit-bringing in less than is spent-can be beneficial in the short run as it allows the government to borrow money to help stimulate the economy.
B) Running a deficit-bringing in less than is spent-absorbs money that could be spent in the private sector and thus slows economic growth in the long run.
C) The size of the national debt is one challenge to the continued value of the dollar as an international reserve currency.
D) In 2011, the government will spend about $250 billion in interest on a national debt that is about $14 trillion.
E) All of the above statements are true.
G) A) and B)
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A) Civic involvement in the United States has long been considered stronger than in other advanced democracies.
B) There has been a general decline in civic involvement in recent years both here in the United States and in other advanced democracies.
C) The wealthier, older, and more educated are more likely to be civically engaged.
D) As civic involvement has declined, Americans talk about politics less with their peers and have a lessened sense that they can shape political outcomes.
E) All of the above statements are true.
G) B) and E)
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A) refers to the division of authority between the national and state governments.
B) means that citizens have responsibilities to both their state government and the national government.
C) means that citizens are simultaneously citizens of the United States and citizens of one of the states.
D) means that citizens are accountable to both state and national laws.
E) All of the above statements are true.
G) C) and D)
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A) unions are weak in part because of state and national laws that limit their ability to organize.
B) the gap between the rich and poor has been reduced substantially through progressive taxation.
C) immigration policy has focused attention on cultural differences thus reducing the salience of class divisions.
D) a tradition of equitable land distribution.
E) All of the above are factors that help to explain why class-based movements and tensions have not arisen in the United States.
G) B) and D)
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A) assumed additional responsibilities in wake of the recession of 2008.
B) is a mechanism whereby the country's money supply is controlled by elected officeholders.
C) is appointed by Congress.
D) is appointed by the heads of major banks.
E) is part of the U.S. Treasury.
G) B) and C)
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A) the short terms of office of its members.
B) the size of the districts is smaller than those of the Senate.
C) a certain number of House seats is set aside for historically under-represented minorities
D) seats in the House are allocated by population and thus are altered every ten years based on the results of the U.S. census.
E) All of the above are evidence that the House of Representatives was designed to be more responsive to popular will.
G) A) and C)
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A) Education has always been a state and local responsibility in the United States.
B) State and local governments provide services to the citizens more directly than the federal government.
C) Both state and local governments are a form of federalism.
D) An important role of state and local government concerns experimenting with policy innovation.
E) All of the above are true statements.
G) None of the above
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A) the head of state.
B) the ability to grant pardons.
C) the head of government.
D) the ability to make major appointments such as judges, ambassadors, and the cabinet.
E) the ability to dissolve Congress.
G) All of the above
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