A) revolutionary pamphlets created mainly by philosophes.
B) lists of grievances prepared by the three orders of French society during the election to the Estates General.
C) problems of the bourgeoisie exclusively.
D) lists of potential revolutionaries detained indefinitely in the Bastille.
E) the preamble of the new French Constitution.
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A) was welcomed by the aristocracy and the clergy.
B) was welcomed by the bourgeoisie.
C) strengthened the traditional guild systems.
D) was universally popular among Europeans.
E) did not coincide with the diffusion of revolutionary institutions outside France.
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A) a war, it was believed, would unite the nation.
B) Austria was harboring and supporting the emigrés.
C) many felt a need to spread the revolution for the good of mankind.
D) France was already being attacked by Austria's allies.
E) there were indications that Austria was preparing to attack.
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A) the destruction of the privilege and despotism of the Old Order.
B) the emancipation of humanity from superstition and tradition.
C) the refashioning of institutions according to reason and justice.
D) the elimination of barriers to inequality.
E) all of the above
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A) included overlapping systems of Roman and feudal law.
B) was administered by competent officials selected by merit.
C) utilized a standard system of weights and measures to facilitate trade.
D) prompted the admiration of the philosophes.
E) had an efficient judicial system.
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A) hope that the Estates General and the National Assembly would address their grievances in the cahiers de doléances.
B) manifest their trust in the king and the Church.
C) fear that the growing number of beggars would seize their crops.
D) refuse to pay royal taxes, tithes and manorial dues.
E) destroy the records and sometimes the manors of their lords.
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A) creating a mass army of recruits.
B) instilling soldiers with heightened patriotism.
C) rewarding talent with promotion.
D) making the cause not only French but the good of humanity.
E) all of the above
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A) preserved as much as it changed.
B) brought an end to the ideals of the Enlightenment.
C) gave rise to many of the positive and negative aspects of modern society and government.
D) was overshadowed by the American Revolution.
E) effectively ended the Old Regime without giving direction to subsequent developments.
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A) restoring lands confiscated during the early Revolution.
B) finalizing the divorce agreement between Napoleon and Josephine.
C) settling affairs between France and the Catholic Church.
D) finalizing the catechism that was to be taught to French children.
E) peace with the other great powers of Europe.
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A) hope for positive change
B) the bombardment of a working class neighborhood
C) distress due to the soaring price of bread
D) anxiety that the National Assembly would be dissolved
E) fear of an aristocratic and royal plot against the Third Estate
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A) the three Estates would meet and vote separately or would meet as one body with each deputy having one vote.
B) roll calls would be standard procedures or voice votes would suffice.
C) the Third Estate should have twice as many deputies as either of the other two.
D) absent deputies had forfeited their votes.
E) the clergy should continue to have a vote.
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A) customary, informal division of French society into three groups.
B) legal division of French society into three distinct groups.
C) vestiges of manorialism: manors worked by serfs.
D) Estates General's limitation of the king's powers.
E) plantations in the French West Indies.
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A) "a nation of shopkeepers."
B) "perfidious Albion."
C) "the scrofulous bulldog."
D) "the limey gourmands."
E) " l'infâme incroyable !"
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A) Napoleon abdicated immediately.
B) Napoleon was unable to raise a new army.
C) most of France's allies formed an anti-French coalition.
D) the French Empire fell within two years.
E) all of Napoleon's accomplishments were lost.
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